Vanguard has been predicting a shift to a higher interest rate environment, signaling a return to sound money. This transition, challenging for investors, is seen as a structural shift that will outlast the current business cycle, the asset manager says in its annual report titled A Return to Sound Money.
The persistence of positive real interest rates is expected to provide a stable foundation for long-term risk-adjusted returns. Unlike the past decade, the future promises more balanced returns for diversified investors. In light of this, a defensive risk posture might be prudent for those with suitable risk tolerance, given the higher expected fixed income returns and an equity market still adjusting to this shift, the experts added.
Policy Shift Towards Restriction
Monetary policy is anticipated to become more restrictive in real terms, as inflation approaches the targets set by central banks. As economic resilience dwindles, central banks might reduce policy interest rates. However, after peaking, policy rates are expected to stabilize at a higher level than pre-COVID-19 levels, marking the end of zero interest rates and ushering in a long-term higher-rate environment.
The Re-emergence of Bonds
With higher interest rates, long-term bond investors, particularly in U.S. aggregate bonds and intermediate Treasuries, are likely to see improved returns. U.S. equities, especially growth stocks, however, seem more overvalued compared to a year ago.
Long-term Implications
The next decade is set to experience an enduring shift in interest rates to higher levels than those seen since the 2008 global financial crisis. This change indicates a return to sound money, characterized by positive real interest rates. The implications for global economy and financial markets are substantial. A reset in borrowing and savings behavior, more judicious capital allocation, and recalibrated asset class return expectations are on the horizon. Vanguard believes this environment will benefit long-term investors, despite potential short-term turbulence.
Global Economic Resilience and Policy Changes
The global economy, particularly in the U.S., has shown more resilience than expected in 2023. However, this resilience may wane in 2024, with monetary policy becoming increasingly restrictive. The U.S., while currently counteracting the impact of higher policy rates, might face economic downturns as inflation returns to target. In contrast, Europe risks anemic growth due to restrictive policies, and China faces challenges despite policy stimulus.
Future Outlook
A potential recession may be necessary to reduce inflation, through decreased labor demand and slower wage growth. Central banks are likely to cut policy rates in late 2024, but these rates are expected to remain higher than in previous years. This shift reflects demographic changes, long-term productivity growth, and higher structural fiscal deficits. This higher interest rate environment, a significant financial development since the global financial crisis, will likely persist for years.
Implications for Stakeholders
This era of higher interest rates will influence borrowing, capital costs, and saving behaviors across households, businesses, and governments. It will compel governments to reassess fiscal outlooks amid rising deficits and interest rates. For diversified investors, the permanence of higher real interest rates offers a stable base for long-term risk-adjusted returns. However, financial markets may continue to experience volatility in the near term as the transition to higher rates continues.
